A Method for Reducing Broadband Noise

The drag penalty incurred by a conventional acoustic liner is dependent, to a large extent, on the perforate open area ratio (porosity) of the perforated facesheet. As the open area ratio is decreased, the facesheet behaves more like a solid surface and the drag is reduced. However, if the open area ratio is too small, the external acoustic field will be isolated from the resonators (in the liner), and the system will not provide noise reduction. The technology is a new type of variable-depth acoustic engine liner, which will reduce the drag and potentially manufacturing cost of this class of engine liner. Individual resonators within a conventional variable-depth liner are effective near resonance, but provide less acoustic benefit at other frequencies. In fact, at anti-resonance, a resonator behaves similar to a hard wall (i.e., the normal component of the particle velocity at the inlet is zero). Therefore, the proposed innovation couples neighboring resonators (tuned for different frequencies) together within the core of the liner. In other words, multiple resonators share a single inlet/port. Sharing inlets reduces the overall number of openings needed to maintain the acoustic performance of the liner by a factor of two or more. Reducing the open area ratio will in turn reduce the liner drag, and will reduce the number of holes that have to be machined into the facesheet, potentially reducing manufacturing cost. The functional operation of the proposed innovation will be identical to conventional engine liners. The innovation enables a reduction of the open area ratio of the perforated facesheet (by a factor of two or more) without degrading the acoustic performance. This will decrease the liner drag, and has the potential to reduce the manufacturing cost of the liner, since fewer holes need to be machined in the facesheet.

NASA researchers are extending an existing oxide/oxide CMC sandwich structure concept that provides mono-tonal noise reduction. That oxide/oxide CMC has a density of about 2.8 g/cc versus the 8.4 g/cc density of a metallic liner made of IN625, thus offering the potential for component weight reduction. The composites have good high-temperature strength and oxidation resistance, allowing them to perform as core liners at temperatures up to 1000°C (1832°F). NASA's innovation uses cells of different lengths or effective lengths within a compact CMC-based liner to achieve broadband noise reduction. NASA has been able to optimize the performance of the proposed acoustic liner by using improved design tools that help reduce noise over a specified frequency range. One such improvement stems from the enhanced understanding of variable-depth liners, including the benefits of alternate channel shapes/designs (curved, bent, etc.). These new designs have opened the door for CMC-based acoustic liners to offer core engine noise reduction in a lighter, more compact package. As a first step toward demonstrating advanced concepts, an oxide/oxide CMC acoustic testing article with different channel lengths was tested. Bulk absorbers could also be used, either in conjunction with or in place of the liners internal chambers, to reduce noise further if desired.

This technology is an evolution of acoustic liners developed for engine noise abatement that are typically located inside nacelles. The acoustic liners described here can be outfitted on external surfaces and in tight spaces. Three initial areas of the aircraft have been considered as part of an aircraft configuration incorporating an open rotor propulsion system. The three areas where the liner configurations were applied were (1) under the rotor, (2) on the upper surface of the elevon, and (3) on the surface of a strut.

This water filtration innovation is an acoustically driven molecular sieve embedded with small-diameter carbon nanotubes. First, water enters the device and contacts the filter matrix, which can be made of polymer, ceramic, or metallic compounds. Carbon nanotubes within the matrix allow only water molecules to pass through, leaving behind any larger molecules and contaminants. The unique aspect of the technology is its use of acoustics to help drive water through the filter. An oscillator circuit attached to the filter matrix propagates acoustic vibration, further causing water molecules to de-bond and move through the filter. This use of acoustics also eliminates dependence on gravity (and thus filter orientation) to move water through the device. When water exiting the system diminishes to a pre-determined set point, a cleaning cycle is triggered to clear the sediment from the inlet of the filter, reestablishing the standard system flow rate. Unlike other filtration systems, flushing of the filter system is not required. The combination of acoustics and small-diameter carbon nanotubes in this innovation make it an effective and efficient means of producing contaminant-free, clean water.

A method for predicting the audibility of an arbitrary time-varying noise (signal) in the presence of masking noise is described in "An Algorithm for Statistical Audibility Prediction (SAP) of an Arbitrary Signal in the Presence of Noise" published in the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society (Vo. 69, No. 9, September 2021). The SAP method relies on the specific loudness, or loudness perceived through the individual auditory filters, for accurate statistical estimation of audibility vs. time. As such, this work investigated a new hypothesis that audibility is more accurately discerned within individual auditory filters by a higher-level, decision-making process. Audibility prediction vs. time is intuitive since it captures changes in audibility with time as it occurs, critical for the study of human response to noise. Concurrently, time-frequency prediction of audibility may provide valuable information about the root cause(s) for audibility useful for the design and operation of sources of noise. Empirical data, gathered under a three-alternative forced-choice (3AFC) test paradigm for low-frequency sound, has been used to examine the accuracy of SAPs. Future work should involve additional studies to examine the performance of SAP with realistic ambient noise and signals with higher-frequency content.