Photo-Acoustic Sub Part-Per-Billion Chemical Sensing

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center has developed a faster and widely-tunable monolithic optical parametric oscillator for use in laser spectrometers. This technology provides a continuously-tunable spectrum across any target, adding flexibility to the overall instrument. In addition, only 1 nonlinear crystal and oscillator pump source are used, greatly simplifying the spectrometer system.

Blood circulation carries vibrations due to heart beat to every part of the body. These vibrations result in minute displacements that are measured by the detector. Defective closures lead to backflow of blood into chambers leading to heart beat slowdown. Displacement strength is indicative of vibration strength which in turn is indicative of heart beat. Weak vibrations at toes, for example, indicate poor circulation of blood as in the case of diabetic issues. Similarly, in other parts of the body, this unit would help in early detection of diabetes and other diseases by noninvasively monitoring blood circulation at various regions of a human body. As such, this unit would detect precursors for diseases. For astronauts and other operatives, this device could remotely provide the status of their cardiac cycles during physical activities. The device consists of a laser transmitter, photo-EMF detector and interferometric architecture which provides motion detection. Motion detection aids in measuring displacements. There is also a "speckle tolerant" property allowing data to be collected from conformal and rough target surfaces such as garments. Surface preparation is not needed such as in ECG and other cases. The novel Photo-EMF detector will be able to measure displacements of less than 1 pm.

Originally developed to demonstrate a highly accurate, low-false-alarm, early fire detection system in space, this advanced technology level system utilizes a durable, low-cost, compact laser source and detector array, similar to CD/DVD player technology, to analyze the interaction of light with particles. The smart system is ideal for detecting a diverse range of particles found in pollution, emissions, fire and other atmospheric toxins while introducing a flexibility that enables its use in multiple environments, especially when coupled with UAVs or other remote platforms. The MPASS contains a number of features that allow users to make the most of its pioneering capabilities. The self-contained system is lightweight and has been miniaturized and packaged to easily fit into the palm of your hand. A USB port enables the system to be powered, configured, and accessed through its onboard central processing unit. The advanced graphical user interface, custom software, and optimized algorithm allows the user to select known properties when applicable, and to program the system for maximum performance. The dashboard also provides visual feedback through graphical displays, making it easy to analyze the data and make real-time decisions. The system is designed with Bluetooth expansion capability, adding flexibility and communication through potential custom cellular phone applications. Once programmed, the battery-powered wireless sensor system opens the door to monitoring remote areas and extreme environments never thought possible.

This instrument uses a variation of laser heterodyne radiometer (LHR) to measure the concentration of trace gases in the atmosphere by measuring their absorption of sunlight in the infrared. Each absorption signal is mixed with laser light (the local oscillator) at a near-by frequency in a fast photoreceiver. The resulting beat signal is sensitive to changes in absorption, and located at an easier-to-process RF frequency. By separating the signal into a RF filter bank, trace gas concentrations can be found as a function of altitude.

The technology involves a sophisticated system designed to detect conditions through the analysis of exhaled breath, utilizing an array of nanomaterial sensors fabricated upon a standard printed circuit board with interdigitated electrodes. These sensors are configured to interact with a sample gas that contains various Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) associated with a variety of biological conditions. Each sensor consists of nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, composite nanotubes, nanoparticle-doped nanotubes, or polymer-coated nanotubes, all disposed on an electrically conductive structure. These sensors are highly sensitive to specific VOCs at a broad spectrum of concentrations, and each sensor generates a unique measurable electrical signal on interaction with VOCs in the breath that reflects the presence and concentration of specific components in the sample gas. The previously nanosensor diagnosis technology has been further developed to identify 64 specific formulations of nanomaterials that exhibit unique and varying sensitivities to VOCs, which enables unique response signatures to be developed for a wide range of VOCs. A single device may be developed using these principles to detect a variety of health conditions and diseases.