Waverider

State-of-the-art (SOTA) EDS technology includes the addition of a dielectric substrate, the EDS electrodes, and a dielectric cover layer. Typically, this multilayer stack-up for thermal radiator EDSs are built as a stand-alone and placed directly on top of the thermal radiator base and covered with the thermal control material. This new coating system represents an alternative EDS approach that integrates with the thermal radiator's thermal control coating system. The approach involves utilizing the thermal control coating in multiple functional capacities within the EDS configuration. The thermal control coating properties are leveraged to provide electrical insulation characteristics suitable for EDS operation while maintaining thermal performance requirements. The EDS configuration incorporates conductive elements positioned within the thermal control coating structure. The thermal control coating is applied using processes compatible with standard thermal radiator construction methods. The conductive elements are integrated during the coating application sequence. This integrated EDS approach incorporated into a thermal radiator system reduces certain components compared to SOTA EDS systems. The reduction in components offers potential benefits in system mass, thermal performance characteristics, and manufacturing complexity. The approach may reduce certain failure modes associated with interface layers and thermal expansion effects. This EDS configuration allows for enhanced flexibility in thermal radiator design parameters.

Previous techniques for measuring dust accumulation, mostly de-pendent on solar cell output, were limited by their inability to distin-guish dust effects from other factors like incident radiation and radiation damage. These techniques were less effective in environ-ments with inconsistent solar flux and future missions, such as the Lunar South Pole, and lacked versatility in adapting to diverse envi-ronmental conditions. The PADS device embraces success over these challenges, and reflects enhanced features over prior iterations to also allow for space environments. Key design features begin with the customizable mechanical design of the PADS device for use in space environments, heaters with imbedded precision temperature sensors, a selected optical coating for the device coupons that are calibrated on high-fidelity thermal modeling and validated with ground-based testing to simulate the space environment of interest (including dusting with simulants representative of the planetary-body soil/regolith), and a control circuit for precision control/matching of the thermal inputs to the sensor via the heaters. Retainers with mount isolators are implemented to ensure the stacked layers within the device do not dislodge during high vibration or gravitational loads during launch. For operation, the PADS device is installed at the point of interest (e.g., space vehicle surface, extraterrestrial equipment) to quantify dust accumulation. Power and data transfer are done through cabling to the space vehicle system or can be provided standalone. A control circuit/algorithm adjusts the power to the heaters to precisely match the temperature setpoints. Ground testing in the simulated space environment conditions of interest creates a calibration plot of effec-tive emittance versus dust density, and allows determination of the degradation in emittance as the dust increases on the surface. Testing on the PADS device has been completed in a simulated lunar environment and data has been collected to enable sensor calibration for its use on the Moon. It is currently poised for integration into a lander for flight testing. Although the PADS device is intended for use in a burgeoning space industry and requisite environments – but given that the PADS device is partially comprised of programmable sensors in conjunction with optically coated coupons that can be tailored for custom use - it or its constituent components could be modified for terrestrial applications such as surface dust monitoring on photovoltaic panels or potentially combustible dust on various industrial surfaces.

The following methods can be used individually or in combination to generate superhydrophobic surfaces: Synthesis of novel copolyimide oxetanes with unique surface properties The technology is the synthesis of a polyimide coating or film with a modified surface chemistry shown in Figure 1. A minor amount of an oxetane reactant containing fluorine is added to the polyimide, and the oxetane preferentially migrates to the surface, enabling relatively high concentrations of fluorine at the surface, without compromising the functional performance of the bulk of the polymide coating/film. The copolymers exhibit mitigation of particle adhesion and fouling from exposure to various particulate and biological contaminants and exhibit reduced surface energy and increased surface fluorine content at extremely low oxetane loadings relative to the imide matrix (see Figure 2). Additionally, the short fluorinated carbon chains do not bioaccumulate, reducing the environmental impact of these materials. Modifying surface energy via laser ablative surface patterning This method uses a laser to create nanoscale patterns in the surface of a material to increase the hydrophobicity of the surface (see Figure 2). The benefits of hydrophobic surfaces include decreases in friction and increases in self-cleaning properties. This is an advantageous method of surface modification because it is fast and single-step, promises to be scalable, requires no chemicals, could be applied to a variety of materials, and does not require a planar surface for patterning.

The new transparent EDS technology is lighter, easier to manufacture, and operates at a lower voltage than current transparent EDS technologies. The coating combines an optimized electrode pattern with a vapor deposited protective coating of SiO2 on top of the electrodes, which replaces either polymer layers or manually adhered cover glass (see figure on the right). The new technology has been shown to achieve similar performances (i.e., over 90% dust clearing efficiency) to previous technologies while being operated at half the voltage. The key improvement of the new EDS coating comes from an innovative method to successfully deposit a protective layer of SiO2 that is much thinner than typical cover glass. Using vapor deposition enables the new EDS to scale more successfully than other technologies that may require more manual manufacturing methods. The EDS here has been proven to reduce dust buildup well under vacuum and may be adapted for terrestrial uses where cleaning is done manually. The coatings could provide a significant improvement for dust removal of solar cells in regions (e.g., deserts) where dust buildup is inevitable, but water access is limited. The EDS may also be applicable for any transparent surface that must remain transparent in a harsh or dirty environment. The related patent is now available to license. Please note that NASA does not manufacturer products itself for commercial sale.

The jointly developed interlocking paver design consists of a molded solid material with tapered interlocking features that interface with features of an opposite gender in three orthogonal directions. This establishes a toleranced connection between the pavers that locks down six degrees of freedom. More specifically, the system consists of two types of pavers: polygon and spacer pavers. Both are symmetrical about the longitudinal and transverse axes and are designed to interlock securely with one another in a checkerboard pattern. The polygon paver features an octagonal top level and a rectangular bottom level with protrusions and recessed notches. The spacer paver has an elongated center portion with isosceles trapezoid extensions on the top level and a rectangular bottom level with protrusions and notches. The interlocking design locks down six degrees of freedom, providing enhanced stability and preventing the flow of exhaust gases between the seams to mitigate erosion of the underlying regolith. The pavers could be constructed leveraging in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). Lunar regolith has been identified as a potential construction material. Additionally, the pavers could be installed via robotic assembly, reducing the need for human labor in harsh environments.