Pulsed 2-Micron Laser Transmitter
sensors
Pulsed 2-Micron Laser Transmitter (LAR-TOPS-334)
For Coherent 3-D Doppler Wind Lidar Systems
Overview
Innovators at the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) have designed a Pulsed 2-Micron Laser Transmitter for Coherent 3-D Doppler Wind Lidar Systems. The design produces a compact, efficient, long-lifetime laser transmitter as needed for use in space, while also having potential applications as an airborne or ground-based wind measurement tool. The new laser transmitter leverages two-decades of research and development expertise at NASA LaRC in the field of 2-micron lasers, particularly those for coherent Doppler wind lidar remote sensing. The invention is a conductively cooled, highly efficient, pulsed 2-Micron Tm(Thulium):Fiber pumped Ho(Holmium):YAG laser transmitter that provides optimal atmospheric transmission for wind based measurements. This innovation provides a transformational improvement in weather forecasting by minimizing severe weather losses and offering better understanding of atmospheric and atmosphere-ocean processes, helping many investigations including climate change.
The Technology
The new NASA LaRC Pulsed 2-Micron Laser Transmitter for Coherent 3-D Doppler Wind Lidar Systems is an innovative concept and architecture based on a Tm:Fiber laser end-pumped Ho:YAG laser transmitter. This transmitter meets the requirements for space-based coherent Doppler wind lidar while reducing the mission failure risks. A key advantage of this YAG based transmitter technology includes the fact that the design is based on mature and low-risk space-qualified YAG host crystal. The transmitter operates at a 2096 nm wavelength using Ho:YAG, resulting in high atmospheric transmission (>99%), versus a transmitter operating at 2053 nm using co- doped Tm:Ho:LuLiF, which suffers limited transmission (90%) due to water vapor interference. In-band pumping through Tm:Fiber pump Ho:YAG architecture offers lower quantum defect from 1908 to 2096 nm (9.1%) compared to traditionally used co-doped Tm:Ho:LuLiF of 792 to 2051 nm (61%). The transmitter has an efficient pump compared to LuLF, since YAG has 27% higher pump absorption and 52% lower reabsorption of the emitted 2-micron, resulting in higher efficiency and lower heat load. Being isotropic, YAG is amenable for spatial-hole burning mitigation which supports linear cavity architecture without compromising injection seeding quality. This attribute is important in designing a compact, stable, high seeding efficiency laser. A folded linear cavity for long pulse (>200 ns), transform limited line-width (2.2 MHz) and high beam quality (M2 = 1.04) - the most critical parameters for coherent detection - are easier to achieve using YAG compared to LuLF. Lower heat load results in high repetition rate (>300 Hz) operation, which allows higher probability of wind measurements through broken clouds, off clouds, and below clouds, thus reducing errors and increasing science data product quantity and quality.
Benefits
- Enables wind speed measurements through cloud layer: this transmitter has the ability to measure wind speed under the cloud layer from space, an important missing data element in current weather models (about 60% of the Earth's surface is covered by clouds at any instant)
- Improved signal-to-noise ratio: the system achieves 200 pulses-per-second (pps), while current methods can only emit signals at 10 pps. Faster pulsing increases the likelihood that pulses can span clouds to gauge wind speed
- Compact and highly efficient: the transmitter uses a pumping frequency 10X closer to the output frequency than current methods, so much less input energy is wasted as heat. Current systems pass only 15% of the input power to output signals, while this new system passes over 95%, decreasing power and weight
Applications
- Meteorology: airborne or ground-based or space-based wind measurement for weather forecasting
- Remote sensing: coherent 3-D Doppler wind lidar from satellites
|
Tags:
|
Similar Results
Laser Linear Frequency Modulation System
For decades, frequency modulation has been used to generate chirps, the signals produced and interpreted by sonar and radar systems. Traditionally, a radio or microwave signal is transmitted toward the target and reflected back to a detector, which records the time elapsed and calculates the targets distance. Reflected signals can be heterodyned (combined) with output signals to determine the Doppler frequency shift and the target velocity. Accuracy of these systems can be enhanced by increasing the bandwidth of the chirp, but noise generated during heterodyning at high frequencies decreases the signal-to-noise ratio, increasing measurement error.
Previous attempts at laser frequency modulation that relied on adjusting the laser cavity length have resulted in only sine wave or imperfect triangle waveforms. Heterodyning of imperfect, non-linear waveforms or sine waveforms will significantly degrade the effective signal-to-noise ratio, making such systems impractical. In contrast, the current technology produces a single, high-frequency laser that is passed to an electro-optical modulator, which generates a series of harmonics. This range of frequencies is then passed through a band-pass optical filter so the desired harmonic frequency can be
isolated and directed toward the target. By modulating the electrical signal applied to the electro-optical modulator, a near perfect triangular waveform laser beam can be produced. Transmission and detection of this highly linear triangular waveform facilitates optical heterodyning for the calculation of precise frequency and phase shifts between the output and reflected signals with a high signal-to-noise ratio. By combining this information with the time elapsed, the location and velocity of the target can be determined to within 1 mm or 1 mm/s.
Continuous Wave Laser Source for Injection Seeding
NASA's CW Laser Source for Injection Seeding uses a single laser diode (LD) to produce multiple wavelengths. Depending on the application, the seed laser may or may not be locked to a wavelength reference. For example, in atmospheric differential absorption lidar (DIAL) active remote sensing applications, the seed laser has to be locked and referenced to the species of interest using gas cells. In this context, the seed laser source is first locked to an absorption feature and the generated wavelength is used as a reference from which other offset wavelengths are generated. However, if the requirement calls only to avoid atmospheric absorption then locking may not be required.
Using this new technology, an airborne 2-micron triple pulse integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) LIDAR instrument has been developed at NASA Langley Research Center to measure the column content of atmospheric H2O and CO2 simultaneously and independently. This is achieved by transmitting three successive high-energy pulses, seeded at three different wavelengths, through the atmosphere. The three pulses are emitted 200 microseconds apart and repeated at 50 Hz. The seeding wavelengths were selected to achieve minimum measurement interference from one molecule to the other. Typically, this requires four different CW lasers for seeding. A part of that effort focused on adaptive targeting, which is based on the tuning capability of the on-line wavelength to meet a certain measurement objective depending on observational time and location. The off-line wavelength was assumed constant. The tuning capability can be achieved using the claimed seeding technique using a voltage-controlled oscillator for the on-line and fixed oscillator for the off-line.
Real-Time LiDAR Signal Processing FPGA Modules
The developed FPGA modules discern time-of-flight of laser pulses for LiDAR applications through the correlation of a Gaussian pulse with a discretely sampled waveform from the LiDAR receiver. For GRSSLi, up to eight cross-correlation engines were instantiated within a FPGA to process the discretely sampled transmit, receive pulses from the LiDAR receiver, and ultimately measure the time-of-flight of laser pulses at 20-picosecond resolution. Engine number is limited only by the resources within the FPGA fabric, and is configurable with a constant. Thus, potential time-of-flight measurement rates could go well beyond the 200-KHz mark required by GRSSLi. Additionally, the engines have been designed in an extremely efficient manner and utilize the least amount of FPGA resources possible.
Recirculating Advanced Coupled-cavity Etalon Receiver (RACER)
Advanced Coupled-cavity Etalon (ACE) significantly improves both in-band transmission and out-of-band rejection. In some cases, 12% more light is transmitted inside the passband and >3x more light is rejected outside the passband. Incorporating ACE into the recirculating etalon receiver (RER) improves performance significantly. ACE increases the wavelength resolution and enables closer channel spacing resulting in a very efficient, high resolution spectrometer. RACER has both high resolution and a high photon efficiency which allows flexibility for trading different combinations of reduced cross-talk and closer channel spacing.
Beam Crossing Optical System
The conventional approaches for measuring focused laser differential interferometry either use a single-point mechanism that cannot calculate velocity or a system that creates non-parallel beams in the testing zone, causing differences in time to travel between beams throughout the testing zone, adding a level of uncertainty to velocity measurements.
For this technology, the inventors determined that the best approach is to use a method that ensures all laser beams propagating between the transmitter and receiver sides of the instrument are parallel to one another. This is done by crossing two orthogonally polarized beams at a Wollaston prism located just ahead of the field lens on the transmitter side of the FLDI. The polarization orientation of the two crossing beams must be at 45 degrees to one another so that the Wollaston prism can further split the beams by a small angle (this gives the instrument its sensitivity to density fluctuations at each measurement point).
The use of wedge prisms (that comprise the beam crossing system) to redirect the split beams such that they cross the optical axis minimizes any distortion imparted to the beams. This is in contrast to the use of a spherical focusing lens to redirect the split beams, which can impart undesirable distortions to the beams and affect the focusing properties of the FLDI instrument between its transmitter and receiver sides.
